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  "PageContent": "<h3>National Security – in a multidisciplinary perspective by Antonino Alì @ – Italy</h3>On 7 November 2025, the first SPHERE Space Policy Forum took place at LUISS Guido Carli University in Rome. The Forum was organised by the SPHERE Unit (Space Policies, Humanities and Exogeographical Research Ecosystem) of the LUISS Research Center for International and Strategic Studies (CISS), under the patronage of the Italian Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy, the Italian Space Agency, the British Interplanetary Society,Continue reading The SPHERE Space Policy Forum and the Challenge of Multidisciplinary Space GovernanceOverview: The year 2025 brought significant changes to Germany’s intelligence community, driven by an intensified threat environment and a shift in political leadership. A new governing coalition (led by Chancellor Friedrich Merz) embarked on major reforms affecting all three federal intelligence agencies – the Federal Intelligence Service (BND) for foreign intel, the Federal Office for the Protection of theContinue reading Changes to Germany’s Intelligence System in 2025The system of UN Special Rapporteurs stands or falls on credibility. These mandates have no coercive power, no enforcement machinery, and no democratic mandate of their own. Their authority depends almost entirely on method, restraint, and the perception of independence. A Special Rapporteur is not a politician, not an activist, and not a campaigner inContinue reading Credibility before advocacy: what makes a UN Special Rapporteur effectiveAccording to the 18 December 2025 Report, the European Parliament’s Security and Defence Committee puts a blunt proposition on the table: Europe is entering an era in which drones are not a “capability”, drones are the environment. Drones as the new operating system of conflict The report does not treat drones as a niche procurementContinue reading Drones as the new operating system of conflictOn January 7, 2026, the White House published a Presidential Memorandum directing U.S. executive departments and agencies to take “immediate steps” to withdraw the United States from a set of international bodies that, in the Administration’s view, no longer align with U.S. interests. The Memorandum places the decision inside a review process launched by ExecutiveContinue reading The White House moves to withdraw the United States from selected international organizations and UN entitiesJoshua Rovner’s Strategy and Grand Strategy offers a sharp analytical lens for understanding why states so often fail to connect military action with long-term security. The book begins from a deceptively simple premise: strategy and grand strategy are not the same thing, and confusing them leads states into avoidable crises. Strategy is a theory ofContinue reading Understanding Strategy and Grand Strategy: The Core Argument of Joshua RovnerRobert H. Jackson, “The Challenge of International Lawlessness,” American Bar Association Journal, Vol. 27, 1941, pp. 690-693. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25713307 Writing in 1941 as World War II shattered European order, Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson confronts American disillusionment with international law. He rejects both idealistic faith in global organizations and isolationist trust in distance, arguing insteadContinue reading Jackson’s diagnosis of “international lawlessness” (1941)According to a document from December 2025, the American Bar Association’s Task Force on Law and Artificial Intelligence has published its Year 2 Report on the Impact of AI on the Practice of Law, and the document reads less like a victory lap and more like a carefully managed moment of transition. The report closes theContinue reading From Hype to Governance, The ABA’s Year 2 AI Report and the New Normal for Legal PracticeEurope keeps circling the same question, as if it were a delicate philosophical puzzle: can the EU touch Russia’s central bank reserves without violating immunity? Europe keeps acting as if the only thing at stake is doctrinal elegance, plus a vague fear of “retaliation”. Russia has already answered the retaliation question. Russia has already done the damage,Continue reading Compensation, Not Confiscation: Turning Frozen Russian Assets into a Balance Sheet for European LossesThe most unsettling twist in today’s AI race is that the United States may not be slowed by a shortage of brilliant researchers or cutting-edge chips, but by something far less glamorous: electricity. Your briefing frames this as an “electrical bottleneck” that could downgrade American technological leadership if the grid cannot power the next waveContinue reading AI’s Hidden Bottleneck: Why America’s Grid May Decide the Next Tech EraThe contemporary governance of digital life sits inside a triangle that never quite closes. International law produces norms between States. Platforms produce rules over users. States produce rules over platforms, and often do so while using platforms as intermediaries for enforcement, surveillance, and even public communication. The result is not a tidy hierarchy. The result is a dense,Continue reading The uneasy triangle, international law, platform rules, and state regulation of platformsArtificial intelligence has not merely added a new layer to foreign interference. It has altered its grammar. What was once slow, costly, and often clumsy has become scalable, adaptive, and disturbingly precise. A recent report by the French National Assembly offers a rare, comprehensive mapping of this shift, and its findings should unsettle anyone stillContinue reading Artificial intelligence and foreign interference: when democracy becomes a system under attack.Every year, Stanford’s AI Index tries to answer a simple but unsettling question: what is actually happening with AI? The 2025 edition is the most data-rich so far, and the picture it paints is both impressive and uncomfortable. Below are the key trends, translated into digestible numbers. 1. AI research is exploding – and it’s mostly about AI nowContinue reading The AI Index 2025: 12 Numbers That Explain Where AI Is GoingEU leaders agreed to provide Ukraine with a 90 billion, interest-free financial aid package for 2026–27. Member States decided to raise these funds through common borrowing backed by the EU budget, instead of directly using frozen Russian central bank assets, after intense negotiations at a summit in Brussels. The agreement emerges from a clear financial emergency.Continue reading The EU agreement to provide Ukraine with a €90 billionAt a moment when international law is routinely described as ineffective, selective, or even obsolete, Not Dead Yet – International Law in an Age of Uncertainty offers a deliberately counter-intuitive intervention. The 2025 International Law Report was prepared by Lex International, a philanthropic initiative dedicated to reinforcing the international legal order by reshaping narratives and supporting newContinue reading The report “Not Dead Yet – International Law in an Age of Uncertainty”Having GPUs physically located on national territory is already a concrete slice of sovereignty. With those chips, a country can train and run locally developed models, including advanced ones, without needing to rely on foreign services every time. This matters even more when the infrastructure is owned and operated domestically or at least under EuropeanContinue reading GPUs on home soil: the hard power behind AI sovereigntyThe report by Professor Rory Cormac and Dr Dan Lomas (Evidence to the Foreign Affairs Committee, February 2025) argues that disinformation has become a central tool of modern statecraft aimed less at persuading audiences of a coherent alternative worldview and more at corroding trust, amplifying doubt, and paralysing democratic decision-making.  The authors frame disinformation asContinue reading Disinformation as modern statecraft: how democracies can resist the politics of doubtThe freezing of the Russian Central Bank’s foreign reserves following the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 marked a turning point in the practice of economic statecraft. Within days, the European Union, the United States and their G7 partners immobilised roughly €300 billion in Russian sovereign assets held abroad, most of them deposited with WesternContinue reading Freezing or seizing? The legal and political dilemmas of Russian Central Bank reserves after 2022The problem of the veto in the European Union’s foreign and security policy is not a technical inconvenience, nor a mere procedural anomaly, but a structural and constitutional dilemma that goes to the heart of the Union’s capacity to act. What was originally conceived as a protective safeguard, intended to ensure that no Member State would be forced into decisions touchingContinue reading The blackmail of the veto: when EU decision-making is traded for EU resourcesLow Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are reshaping global communications because they enable fast internet connections with very low latency, operating at altitudes generally below 2,000 km. This infrastructure, however, remains surprisingly exposed to high-intensity cyber threats. The result is a very concrete political push towards stricter obligations on encryption, authentication, and risk management across theContinue reading Secure connectivity in Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, why the EU is pushing for tougher rulesThe article A Better Crystal Ball. The Right Way to Think About the Future by J. Peter Scoblic and Philip E. Tetlock published on October 13, 2020 by Foreign Affairs proposes a reflection on how policymakers can improve their ability to anticipate and manage future crises, overcoming the limitations of traditional and often ineffective approaches. Here isContinue reading The art of thinking aheadVirtual Private Networks (VPNs) have become almost synonymous with privacy and security in the public imagination, marketed as shields against surveillance, trackers, and overreaching internet service providers. That narrative has deep commercial traction, yet closer inspection reveals complexities, trade-offs, and sometimes contradictions in how VPNs operate and the privacy they actually deliver. At their core, VPNs create an encryptedContinue reading On VPNsThe European Union has taken a significant step toward a more coherent and security-focused approach to foreign direct investment. The Council presidency and the European Parliament have reached a provisional political agreement to revise the EU’s FDI screening regulation, updating the framework first introduced in 2020. The goal is simple but strategically crucial: to identify, assess and mitigateContinue reading Strengthening Europe’s FDI screening: why the new political agreement mattersDeterrence is a concept that refers to the ability to prevent an action through the threat of negative consequences. This mechanism appears in several contexts, including international politics, psychology, economics, and social behavior, to influence the choices of individuals or groups. The main goal of deterrence is to encourage a different decision from the one that might be taken in theContinue reading On deterrenceGenerative AI is not only a new tool in the digital toolbox. Generative AI is a turning point in how societies think, create, and organise knowledge. This technology opens an extraordinary opportunity to amplify human potential, to free time and attention for higher-order thinking, and to explore creative territories that were previously out of reachContinue reading Generative AI is not just about technologyTo understand how Large Language Models reason, one has to start from a tension that is both technical and conceptual: the tension between formal logic and the way modern AI actually learns. Classical logic is unforgiving. It is discrete, combinatorial, brittle. It works through sharp distinctions, true or false, valid or invalid, if this then that. In suchContinue reading How a Large Language Models (LLM) simulate reasoningThe European Union’s economic debate has been dominated for years by concerns over productivity gaps, the incomplete Single Market, and the pace of innovation. Yet a new hierarchy of priorities is emerging. According to the European Parliament’s recent study Strategic Autonomy and European Competitiveness: Security Now Comes First (EGOV, European Parliament, December 2025), the EU can noContinue reading Security before competitiveness: why the EU’s strategic autonomy agenda has entered a new phaseAccording to a recent briefing from the European Parliamentary Research Service, the European Commission is preparing a major new legislative initiative: the Cloud and AI Development Act (CADA). This upcoming act is expected to become a central pillar of the EU’s broader strategy to strengthen its technological sovereignty and close the growing gap with other globalContinue reading The EU prepares a Cloud and AI Development Act: strengthening digital sovereigntyU.S. national security planning rests on a layered ecosystem of strategic documents. Each plays a distinct role, yet all interact to guide decisions on defense, diplomacy, intelligence, and technological power. The structure resembles a cascading hierarchy: the White House defines the overarching worldview; the Pentagon translates it into military posture; and specialized reviews refine doctrineContinue reading The Architecture of American Strategy: a tight comparative snapshotThe European Commission’s €120 million fine against X on December 5, 2025 is best read as a design-and-transparency case, not as a content-removal or “censorship” crusade. The Commission framed this as the first non-compliance decision under the Digital Services Act (DSA) and grounded it in three technical breaches: a deceptive “blue checkmark” architecture, an inadequate ads repository, and obstaclesContinue reading The EU’s €120 Million DSA fine against X isn’t about censorship it’s about deceptive design and transparencyRecent statements by the US presidency on NATO and collective defense function less as a direct assault on Europe and more as a strategic “wake-up call” exposing the continent’s deep unpreparedness and structural vulnerabilities. These remarks can be interpreted in two ways: as an expression of outright hostility toward a Europe viewed as a rival,Continue reading The US Administration’s statements and their implications for European defenseEurope is no longer a comforting footnote in Washington’s strategic imagination. Europe is a test case, a market, a burden to be rebalanced and , at times, a civilization to be “rescued” from its own regulatory and political instincts. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (November 2025) is explicit about this shift, andContinue reading America’s New Security Strategy and its impact on EuropeThe European Union has just released an important new blueprint for safeguarding its economic future. The document, Strengthening EU Economic Security, marks a decisive shift in how Brussels thinks about global competition, geopolitical pressure, and the vulnerabilities that come with deep economic interdependence. It builds on the 2023 European Economic Security Strategy but pushes the UnionContinue reading What the EU’s “Strengthening EU Economic Security” really meansThe European Commission proposed to provide a €140 billion loan to Ukraine, backed by frozen Russian-state assets held in Europe (mostly with Euroclear). The idea was that those frozen assets, already immobilized since Russia’s 2022 invasion, could serve as collateral, enabling the EU to channel much-needed financial support to Kyiv without forcing EU taxpayers aloneContinue reading Why the ECB rejected the €140 billion “reparations loan” for Ukraine and why it mattersThe problem of Europe’s shadow economy does not lie in a lack of law. It lies, more disturbingly, in the density and sophistication of law itself. The system described in the investigative report operates largely within the boundaries of legality, yet it systematically empties national tax bases, fragments fiscal sovereignty, and corrodes the social contract.Continue reading Europe’s Shadow Economy, a legal and fiscal anatomyThe war in Ukraine has forced Europe to face a blunt fact: European security still rests heavily on the United States. For decades, the American umbrella allowed European governments to postpone tough decisions on defense. Now, with war on its borders and a harsher geopolitical environment, Europe must ask whether it can act on itsContinue reading European Strategic Autonomy: between dependence and long-term emancipationIn the debates that followed Snowden’s revelations, many policymakers embraced a familiar narrative. Strong encryption allegedly creates a “going dark” problem, and the solution should be some form of “good backdoor” that lets authorities access encrypted communications when the law so requires. A recent paper by Francesco Bruschi, Marco Esposito, Andrea Rizzini and Ivan Visconti, DeflatingContinue reading Conditional backdoors and publicly-traceable decryption how cryptography can reframe the lawful access debateOn August 27, 2025, Germany marked a historic date: the Federal Cabinet formally established a National Security Council (NSC), the most significant reform of German security architecture in recent decades. This institutional transformation represents Berlin’s concrete response to an increasingly complex and threatening world. From Bundessicherheitsrat to the new Council To understand the scope ofContinue reading Germany’s new National Security Council: A historic turning point in security policyIn early 2017, three of Europe’s most powerful economic ministers — Brigitte Zypries from Germany, Michel Sapinfrom France, and Carlo Calenda from Italy signed a letter that quietly reshaped the European Union’s approach to global investment. Their message, addressed to Cecilia Malmström, then European Commissioner for Trade, was brief but momentous. It called on Brussels to act — to protect Europe’s technological futureContinue reading When Europe realized openness had a cost: the 2017 letter that changed EU investment policyOn November 19, 2025, the Dutch government decided to suspend its emergency control over Nexperia, stepping back from the company seizure it had ordered on September 30. The decision was framed as a gesture of de-escalation following “constructive talks” with China and the gradual easing of Chinese export controls on Nexperia’s chips. However, this suspensionContinue reading From seizure to stalemate: What the Dutch “climb-down” on Nexperia really tells us",
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